Let’s place our reading of Burke in conversation with Ratcliffe’s theory of rhetorical listening. To what extent does Ratcliffe build on or respond to Burke’s theory of identification?

Ratcliffe builds on Burke's theory of identification by complicating it - while Burke's theory states that you must be able to identify with a speaker and see your own ideas reflected on some level, Ratcliffe argues that you must be able to listen even when you cannot identify directly with what someone is saying. You have to be able to see both the commonalities and the differences at the same time.